fouth Quiz

FIRST OBSERVATION, ANALISYS REQUIREMENT

Observation

Observations or observation is one of the techniques of collecting data / facts are quite effective to learn a system. Observation is the direct observation of the decision below and the physical environment or a direct observation of activities that are currently running.

The Creator of the Observations The type of information sought during the decision-making behavior of the physical environment is the following:

a. Gather views on what is actually carried out the decision.

b. See directly the relationship between the decision makers with the other organizational members.

c. The influence that caused the decision of the elements of their physical space.

d. Understand the messages sent through the control (such as how to dress, table position)

Observations help confirm or reject the return and see what that was found through interviews, questionnaires.
The steps that need to be done in the activities of a manager's decision:

a. Decide what Observations (activities).

b. Decide on the level of the activities of these concrete Observations.

c. Creating categories is sufficient to capture the main events.

d. Setting up the scale, a list of names or other materials that are appropriate for observation.

e. Decide when making observations.

Each approach to the need to make any Observations have respective advantages and decrease. Sampling allows the analysis time
preparing the interval-specific intervals to observe the activities of the manager. While sampling the observed events display a behavioral context of the integral nature.

An activity observed

At the time of making observations, analysis can also participate or just observe only the people who are doing an activity that observers.
Observation has some good and also the lack of comparison with other data collection techniques.
Goodness of observation are as follows:

a. The data collected through observations tend to have high reliability. Sometimes observations made to check the validity of the data that has been previously obtained from individuals.

b. Can see directly what is done, work that is sometimes complicated to be difficult.

c. Can describe the physical environment of activities, such as the physical layout of equipment, lighting, sound disturbances, and others.

d. Can measure the level of a job, in terms of time needed to complete one unit job particular.

While lack of is follows:
a. Generally observed that people feel upset or uncomfortable, so that will not perform the work with proper operation.
b. Work that is being observed may not represent the level of difficulty of a particular work or special activities that are not always carried out or the volume-volume of a particular activity.
c. Can disrupt the process that is being observed.
d. People are likely to perform the work with better than usual and often cloak- ugliness.

Instructions-instructions that can be considered to make effective observations are as follows:
1. What should be done
to make observations, things to do:
a. Plan first observation to be conducted, including:
• What will observers
• Where is the location of the location of observation
• When will the observation
• Who will conduct the observations
• Who will observers
• How to implement these observations.
b. Ask for permission first from the managers and employees are involved or
c. act with humility (low profile)
d. complete notes during the observation
e. knowledge back with the results of observations of individuals involved.
2. That should not be done, namely:
a. Possible work observers individuals and other individuals.
b. Emphasize work that is not important.
c. Do not make assumptions.

CONCEPT OF INVESTIGATION SYSTEM
There are some point about Investigation System Concept, which the following:

1. Discrepancy between the objective of system and the real condition of system
2. Problem detection report is not real, because:
- the objective is too ideal
- lack of attitude and resources
- system measuring is not accurate
- the objective of system which have to be left behind
- difference between the idle system and the temporary system
3. The Problem solving
- investigation to the system which is running
- getting the ideal system consensus
- choose the best alternative
4. The objective of investigation have to show the problem which in fact is happened


PROBLEMS IN INVESTIGATION SYSTEM
There are some problems when conduct the investigation:
- Time
- Cost
- Science
- Politics
- Intervention


RECOMENDATION

A result from investigation is a recomendation which are the following:
- Does not take any action if the problem does not exist
- Perform system maintenance of the small problems
- Increasing the ability or skills
- Consider modifications to total system
- Putting the problem to occur in the development plan system which immediately made

INVESTIGATION TACTICS

Why we need tactics?
- to find all issues
- Knowing the causes of the emergence of problems
- to determine the appropriate solution
- Done so that all elements of the system can receive a solution without disrupting their activities.

Some of the tactics that can be done:
- Listen to opinions the subject of system
- Do not give the early breakthrough
- Compare the stories from the subject of system concerning in the same case
- Note the logical inconsistency problem

INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUE

Directly:
- The questionnaire
- FAQ
- Observations
Not directly:
- Flow of procedure
- Reviewing documents
- Sample
- Tabular


RECENTLY SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

- Input
- Output
- File
- Data elements
- Transaction volume and document action
- Data flow diagram

ANALYSIS REQUIREMENT

Stage of intensive interaction between the systems analyst with the end user where the system development team show their expertise to get feedback and trust so that the user get a good participation.

4 purpose that want to achieved:
- Explain the complete system
- describing the ideal Information System
- Bringing the ideal information system to a condition at this time to pay attention to the constraints of resources
- Providing encouragement to the confidence of user in the system development

Method:
- FAQ
- Kuisioner
- Observation
- Analysis procedure
- Document observation

Resources problems:
- Time
- Money
- Expertise
- Technology
- External Factors

Document analysis requirement

- Analysis guide: relationship with the end user, process monitoring, problems in data gathering.

- User requirement: real needs, report needs, exercise needs, and new system influence.

- System problem: explain time and cost constraint, skill, technology and external factor.

- Document such as data gathering instrument, statistic consensus, data flow according to physic and logical, first data element in data dictionary.

Generating Systems Alternatives

How to make the system at moment condition more close with the ideal system condition?

- create alternative to solve the information system problem

- Applying best alternative wisely

Strategy option

- Distributed versus centralized processing

Changing information decision from centralized data processing to decentralized end user responsibility center.

- Integrated versus dispersed database

System planner must consider what kind of incoming data to database and incoming to file.

- Surround Strategy of System Development

Environment are important strategy in overtake company case because information system from other company possible different with company at moment.

GENERATING SYSTEMS ALTERNATIVES

How to approach the condition of the system at this time with the condition of the ideal system?
- Create an alternative to solve the problem of information system
- The best alternative is applied wisely

Options Strategies
- Distributed versus centralized processing
Changes in information decision-making from the centralized data processing to the decentralized end user responsibility center
- Integrated versus dispersed database
System designer must consider the data which are entered in the database and into the file
- Surround Strategy of System Development
About important environmental strategy in the case of company takeovers because the information system of other companies may vary with the company at this time.

Options Tactics
- The design is done before the selection operation

Designing Operational Options
The design options can be grouped into:
a. Input
- Online Vs Off Line Data Entry
- Keyed Vs Machine Readable Data Entry
- Centralized Vs Decentralized Data Entry
b. Processing
- Batch Vs Realtime record update
- Sequential Vs Direct Access to records
- Single Vs Multiple Users update of records
c. Output
- Traditional Vs Turn Around Documents
- Structured Vs Inquiry-based reports



SELECTING THE PROPER SYSTEM

a. Comparing tactics: System comparison based on the costs and benefits relatively; There are 3 ways a system is superior to the other, if:
- A's cost is lower than B and both are the same benefits.
- A's cost is lower than B and A yield more advantage than B.
- A and B have the same but the A's cost advantage more than B.

b. Some methods of comparison system
- Break Even point Analyisis
- Payback Period
- Discounted PayBack period
- Internal Rate of Return

c. Category Cost
- Hardware
- Software
- People
- Suppliers
- Teleccommunications
- Physical sites

d. Fee Details
Comparing the cost of information systems through the life of the system, analysis is calculating the cost changes for the future and there are 3 models of cost of information system, namely Linear, and exponentially Step Function.

e. Cost of information system can occur only once and can also occur continously.
- The cost of information systems that occur only once is ontime cost and development cost that occur during the development of the system.
- The cost of information systems that occur on a continual basis are reccuring cost and operational cost where the cost of this is happened when the information system operates every day.



INFORMATION SYSTEM FACTORS
Qualitative factors that lead the performance of a good information system are:
- Reduce errors
- Reduce the time to fix errors
- Reducing the response time from the alternative workstation
- Accelerating the provision of information
- Increase the security system
- Have active update source record
- Increase user satisfaction



CORPORATE STRATEGY FACTORS
- Customer satisfaction
- Level sales increased
- Commitment of consumers and vendors
- Information of marketing products


PRESENTING LEARNING OF SYSTEM

- Conduct a brief presentation
- Reduce technical explanation in detail
- Presenting clearly with visual aids
- If using a model using a tool such as a laptop so that more informative
- Emphasize the benefits of the proposed information system with some alternative that is appropriate conditions experienced by the company.

Decision to continue or No

- If the company decided to develop the information system, the department will do next, namely the System Design Process.

- If then the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) will be terminated.

- Often the problem will be found with the system and the study and top management will usually ask for the re-employment system to study.

- With the alternative, the decision to repeat a previous stage SDLC or not called Go - No-Go Decision.

- Model will describe some of the stages of the repeated and sometimes the information will make a decision before the repeat stage system of study.